A study published Monday offers clarity on a more than decade-long marine mystery: What has been killing the velvety sunflower sea star?
In 2013, something began ravaging sea stars along the West Coast, turning them into decaying, fragmented carcasses. Over the next few years, the wasting disease (SSWD) killed billions of animals along the shore, transforming entire marine ecosystems. A network of researchers formed to focus on recovery.
One species was hit especially hard: Pycnopodia helianthoides, more commonly known as the sunflower sea star. Scientists estimate the global population plummeted by 94% since 2013. California alone lost about 99% of its sunflower sea stars. For over a decade, nobody knew what was responsible.
In their paper in Nature Ecology & Evolution, researchers have now identified the culprit behind the devastating epidemic — and with it, a path forward for restoration.
“This was a big deal for us,” said Alyssa Gehman, a marine disease ecologist at Hakai Institute and the University of British Columbia and senior author on the study. “When we started these experiments, I knew we would learn more, but I honestly wasn’t convinced we would actually find the causative agent of disease.”
The breakthrough came during a routine meeting between Gehman and two collaborators, Grace Crandall and Melanie Prentice. They had recently tested whether heat-treated coelomic fluid — the internal body fluid of a sea star — could still trigger the disease when injected into a healthy sea star. When it didn’t, and the injected sea stars stayed healthy, it confirmed that the disease was being caused by something that was alive.
To find out what that “something” was, the team turned to a set of techniques that reveals which genes are being expressed by what microorganisms. When they compared healthy and infected animals, one group consistently stood out—the Vibrios, a type of bacteria commonly found in marine environments.
Knowing there are many Vibrios, the researchers were curious whether the wasting sickness could be tied to one in particular. Prentice ran the species-level analysis, and the result floored them.
“The whole list was Vibrio pectinocida. And it was in all of our six stars and it was in none of our controls,” Gehman said. It was “mind-blowingly clear” that this bacteria was causing the disease, she said.
For California’s kelp forests, and the conservation groups trying to save them, this news is a major turning point.
Sunflower sea stars are considered a keystone species, meaning they are critical in regulating the stability and diversity of their ecosystems. One of their most important roles is controlling purple sea urchin populations, a species with a notoriously voracious appetite.
“They can mow down a kelp forest and then actually remain in that ecosystem without a food source,” said Prentice, a marine biologist and study co-author. “They enter almost like a zombie state until the kelp regrows, and then they eradicate it again.”
Sunflower sea stars used to prey on the urchins, keeping them in check. But when wasting disease effectively wiped out their main predator, the sea urchins exploded in number, decimating kelp forests and transforming once-lush underwater habitats into so-called “urchin barrens.”
“Kelp forests are the most important ecosystem on our coast because they house over 800 species of animals,” said Nancy Caruso, marine biologist and founder of the nonprofit Get Inspired. “Essentially, they’re the condos and apartment complexes of the animals that live on our coastline. When they disappear, the animals have no place to live.”
Kelp forests also filter water, store carbon, and protect coastal communities from storms and erosion, making them an ally in addressing climate change, Prentice said.
Since the 2013 outbreak, areas like Northern California have lost more than 95% of their kelp forest cover. Several sites are still considered ecological collapse zones.
Some scientists trying to recover sunflower sea stars see the finding as a strong guide for future research — and efforts to boost the decimated keystone species.
For example, it could help address concerns California wildlife officials have had that stars bred in captivity might have the disease and carry it into wild waters if they are moved, conservationists said.
Prentice is currently developing something similar to a COVID rapid test that could help screen animals and seawater for the presence of Vibrio pectinocida before they’re introduced into the ocean. That beats the cumbersome process of monitoring them to make sure they’re healthy enough to be released.
“That’s going to be powerful not just for research, but for management,” she said. “Now we can actually test animals before we move them, or test the water at a potential outplanting site and say, is this a good place for reintroduction?”
Researchers also plan to investigate whether certain stars are resistant to the disease, opening the door to breeding animals that are more resilient. Could exposing them to a low dose of the disease do the trick?
Already there have been promising strides in conservation.
Starting in 2019, Jason Hodin, a senior research scientist at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories, spearheaded an effort to see if the hefty stars could be raised in captivity. They could, and the success paved the way for a network of scientists trying to recover the species.
Last summer, his team became the first (and currently only) to unleash lab-bred stars into the ocean, dispatching 10 one-year-olds and 10 two-year-olds near the dock of their lab on San Juan Island. None have been seen sick or dying. At least three of the two-year-olds were spotted just a few months ago.
It’s “not only showing that the stars can thrive in the wild, but that if you put them into an area that they like, then they stick around,” he said.
Now he’s hoping for approval from Washington’s wildlife agency to release stars in a small urchin barren developing on the west side of the island where his lab is located. The idea is to see if introducing them where urchins have taken over, and where the kelp is getting hit, can help restore the kelp.
That work could begin this fall.
Scientists in California are moving in the same direction, but haven’t yet planted stars in the wild.
Researchers with the Nature Conservancy may release stars in cages in Monterey Bay as soon as September, replicating a step Hodin’s team took before sending them out on their own. They’re waiting on approval from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
There also have been hopeful sightings of wild stars in California waters. Recently, a sunflower sea star was spotted in Sonoma County, which Hodin estimated is the furthest south anyone has spotted them in seven years.
“It takes a lot of stars to make a healthy population, so just having a few around isn’t necessarily enough to get a good sort of population going,” Hodin said, “but at least it’s a sign that the species is still around and that with some assistance, we might be able to bolster these populations.”
At the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, which cares for some of the surviving sunflower stars, the new findings could help reshape priorities.
“It sharpens our focus on what it might take to reintroduce these animals in a way that is thoughtful, informed, and sustainable,” said Johnathan Casey, the aquarium’s curator of fish and invertebrates.
“With each new piece of the puzzle, we feel we’re getting closer to a future where sunflower stars can once again thrive along our coastline.”
Sunflower sea stars used to be everywhere — on sand, rocks, kelp beds, and seagrass beds. For Gehman, that’s the point. She hopes the findings help people realize that even the most abundant species can disappear very quickly.
This story originally appeared on LA Times
